Showing posts with label gita. Show all posts
Showing posts with label gita. Show all posts

Friday, July 31, 2015

Kalam-Krupa

It was Ashadhi Ekadashi. I was observing a fast, and was working on my laptop, listening to some vitthala bhajans on my headphones. As usual, I had turned off the internet on my cell phone while working, in order to avoid the seemingly unstoppable whatsapp notifications. Disconnected from the net, I was blissfully ignorant of what was happening in the rest of the world. I took a break around noon, walked around, came back, and turned on the data on my phone just for a moment. And most of my active whatsapp groups were abuzz with the news: Abdul Kalam passed away, suffered a heart attack while addressing students at IIM Shillong. I was shocked, like crores of other Indians. I searched the net; the news was confirmed. An abhanga by Tukaram Maharaj was still playing in the background: "अणुरणिया थोकडा, तुका आकाशा एवढा". Tukaram, while describing his experience of self realization, says: Though I am insignificant as an atom, I am also as vast as the skies! Dr. Kalam has left the insignificant mortal body and has become one with the परब्रह्म (parabrahma). I couldn't stop my tears from flowing down my cheeks. After a couple of minutes, as I read through the news reports, the feeling of grief was replaced by a feeling of satisfaction and inspiration. He was 83, had accomplished the highest honors in life, and was still doing what he loved the most when he left us. What more can one ask for in life - or death? It was a death befitting a true karmayogi. Om Shantih.

Over the next few days, as the obituaries and eulogies started pouring in, I started reflecting on what his role in my life has been. And I realized that his life story has been a blessing —krupa— for me (and crores of others), even though I never had a chance to meet him.

I heard his name for the first time, in late 1990s from my father, who was reading the Vision 2020 book. With the help of my maternal grandfather, who was a retired professor of political science, my father pointed out some minor error in a reference in the book and wrote to Dr. Kalam; he promptly responded acknowledging the error. After that, my father read his two other books—Wings of Fire and Ignited Minds, and started telling us about him and quoting him in his talks, in the sangha circles and outside.
"Punyaatma, punya-neta, punyaadhikari.." - I still remember - ".. if the population of all the three were to increase in our society, then India would become the jagadguru" (Ignited Minds)
Many of my friends, my father's friends and colleagues at work as well as in the sangha were introduced to Abdul Kalam's work by my father. Later, one of his colleagues, Prof. Dabir, presented Kalam's life in the form of a kirtan. In July 2002, when Dr. Kalam became the President of India, many people who had heard about him through my father called at our home to congratulate my father!

I was a highschool student when I heard about Kalam first, and being from a Marathi-medium school, reading the English Wings of Fire proved a bit tough for me. Thankfully, the Marathi translation अग्निपंख (Agnipankha) was available and is equally inspiring. When I went to college, my father gifted me Ignited Minds. During the same time, I happened to meet Dr. Mohan Bhagwat at a sangha shiksha varga near Surathkal. He asked me if I was reading any new books, and when I told him about these two, Mohan ji remarked, "Very good, his books are like our sangha baudhiks." Both these books had a great impact on me. Many incidents from Kalam's life and many quotes from his books still reverberate in my mind. I remember how he shares that the front page of the newspaper he opened on a morning in Tel Aviv was full of Israel's successful experiments with farming in the desert—a positive news, even though there was a terror attack just the previous night—it was covered on inner pages. This attitude of focusing on and highlighting our positive side, and not our problems, needs to be internalized by individuals as well as societies. His tryst with failure —when he wanted to become a pilot, went to Delhi to give the test, was ranked ninth on the list, and only the first eight were selected— is a representative scenario for every youth; the type and intensity of "failure" might vary. And what happened after that is an inspiration and a life lesson. In that disappointed, dejected state of mind he went to the Himalayas. By some divine force, he found himself at Swami Sivananda's Divine Life Society in Rushikesh. "Forget this failure, as it was essential to lead you to your destined path", Swamiji told him. The world knows that Kalam's destiny was not in flying a military aircraft, but in designing much mightier missiles for our nation. Swami Sivananda reportedly also reiterated Bhagwan Krishna's mantra: "Defeat the defeatist tendency". Kalam notes that this mantra comes to him whenever he is in trouble. I must say this incident has made a great impact on my own life and has kept me untouched by any depression or negative thoughts.

Kalam, along with Swami Vivekananda, Chhatrapati Shivaji, and of course the Sangha, continued to guide me throughout my college life, and beyond. In the year book of my final year of engineering, in the column for inspirational quotes, I noted: "For all your days prepare, And meet them ever alike; When you are the anvil, bear; When you are the hammer, strike." This is attributed to American poet Edwin Markham, but I read it in Wings of Fire first.

In January 2009, when my sister Madhura was studying to become a dentist in Nagpur, Ram Krishna Math, Pune organized a nationwide essary competition on Swami Vivekananda's message to the youth, as a part of their silver jubilee celebration. Madhura took part in it, inspired by Swamiji's life, as well as by the prospects of meeting Dr. Kalam, who, it was declared, will be the chief guest at the award ceremony. Madhura prepared well and wrote an excellent essay in Marathi that won a consolation prize. It was a moment of great pride for my entire family when she went on to the stage and recieved the award from Dr. Kalam himself. Since the event was in Maharashtra, and hers was the only Marathi essay to win a prize, the crowd cheered her with a relatively larger applause; the celebrated chief guest was sensitive enough to acknowledge it, and spoke a few words with her. (In the same visit to Pune, Madhura and our mother got a chance to briefly meet another Bharat Ratna - Pt. Bhimsen Joshi.)


Then last year, when Dr. Kalam visited Nagpur to take part in an event organized by Vijnana Bharati. He visited Smruti Mandir, the samaadhi (memorial) of Dr. Hedgewar, the founder of the RSS, and offered tributes. My father was one of the sangha karyakartas who received him at the venue.


We all know about the achievements of Dr. Kalam: his leading the missile program that developed Agni, Nag, Pruthvi; his role in India's successful nuclear tests; his vision to use the advanced technology in defense to also make low weight, easy to use equipments for physically challenged individuals; some of his decisions while at the Rashtrapati Bhavan; and of course his larger Vision 2020 for India's comprehensive development, and tireless work for inspiring the youth towards that. These are his blossoming virtures, or things that one would put in a resume; but we remember people not so much by what they achieve, but by how they behave with us, by what are called the ripening virtues. Dr. Kalam had both aplenty, and that's what makes him special. I think the memory of his last day that his colleague, Srijan Pal Singh, has shared speaks volumes about this: him asking the security guard who had to remain standing for hours about his well being, and offering some food to him, was very touching.

He lived a great life. His being a Muslim never affected crores of his "students" ever, even before or after his presidency. Unfortunately, it was brought up after his demise. "A great Muslim died on an auspicious day of Hindus in a Christian city. He maintained secularism and democracy in death too." — a message was being shared on Twitter and Whatsapp, mindlessly, like most other forwards. It's high time we learn to look beyond such token secularism constructs. Our youth, especially those who claim to take inspiration from Kalam, should be able to critically evaluate such goodie goodie but stupid messages: how does Shillong become a "Christian" city? If the answer is because it has 60% Christian population, why do the same set of people who cheered this message frown when our country with 80% Hindu population is called a Hindu Rashtra? Secularism was not something Kalam had to show off; it came naturally to him: he quoted from Gita and Thirukkural in his speeches, he routinely met spiritual leaders of all Dharmic panths and believed in their power to transform the masses—something our "secular celebrities" would scoff at, and in a true secular step, stopped the state funded iftar parties at Rashtrapati Bhavan, donating the money to orphanages instead. Anyway. The secularism debate is a separate and serious topic, and I will perhaps write about it another time, but my point here is, if we blindly follow and forward such messages, we are not applauding the real giants like Kalam, but in fact demeaning him, by reducing his real work to such tokenism.

Kalam always did and will continue to serve as an inspiration for several generations. Our job does not stop at sharing some tweets and pics about/of him for a few days, or even circulate petitions for naming universities and roads after him (Srijan Pal thinks he wouldn't have agreed with it anyways), and then get back to the same old routine. A real tribute will be if we —all of us— work towards strengthening the punyaatma, punya neta, punyaadhikari triangle he used to talk about. That is not an easy job. Each one of us should pledge to start the work from him/herself —becoming punyaatma (viruous individual)— and work on it every moment every day. As James Froude said, "You cannot dream yourself into a character; you must hammer and forge yourself one", and as we sing in a sangha geet:
साधना नित्य साधना, साधना अखंड साधना
 saadhana - nitya saadhana, saadhana - akhanda saadhana
That's what Kalam was doing, till his last breath.

Wednesday, January 7, 2009

What is Dharma ?

I was posed this question in response to my recent posting 'Gita Jayanti'.
Actually, I don't consider myself to possess even the slightest authority to answer this question.
But since the question came from a good friend, Aditya Joshi (who is the author of a very creative blog himself), I thought I should share what little I have learned/heard/read about dharma here.
Since this page is open to the entire world, let's hope some learned person shall read this some day and throw more light on it, so that both Aditya and I are benefited.


In the posti on gItA, I had written at one place: "... dharma (not to be confused with religion) ..."
And this is what prompted Aditya to ask :

What is 'Dharma' in Gita if not religion?
Is it 'Duty'?
How is it different from 'Karma'?
Or is it that 'Dharma' is the ideally expected 'Karma'?

We can actually remove the clause 'in Gita' from the first question.
Because, nowhere in the traditional wisdom has the word dharma been used to mean religion (at least until the Muslim invasions in the medieval era).

Dharma does not mean religion
1.
The 18-day war between Kauravas and Pandavas is also referred to as dharma-yuddha.
If dharma meant religion, was the religion of Kauravas different from that of Pandavas ?

2.
धर्म-शाला, धर्मार्थ दवाखाना, राज-धर्म, पुत्र-धर्म, शेजार-धर्म (मराठी), धर्मसंकट
(dharma-shaalaa, dharmaartha-davaakhaanaa, raaja-dharma, putra-dharma, shejaara-dharma, dharma-samkata)
These words are used so commonly in day-to-day life, that one probably overlooks the use of the word dharma in them. But does dharma-shaalaa mean a religious school ? Or does raaja-dharma mean the religion of the king ?

3.
अग्नि का धर्म है उष्णता । - the dharma of fire is heat.
Is 'heat' a religion ? Definitely not !

Thus it is clear that dharma does not mean religion.
In fact, English (and many western languages) does not have a word that can completely and entirely convey the meaning of dharma.
This is because the concept of dharma itself is not known in the west.
Dharma is not a single special case, though.
There is no पुण्यम् (punyam) in English, either (although there is पापम् (paapam). This may be due to the concept that all humans are a result of the 'original sin' commited by Adam and Eve - as against the Indian concept 'अमृतस्य पुत्राः वयम्' - अथर्ववेद, meaning we are the sons of immortality).

The concept of dharma is a speciality of the Hindu philosophy (you may call it Indian, or Oriental philosophy, it's one and the same) .
It is common to Jainism, Budhism, Sikhism, Taoism and all the lesser-/better-known philosophical schools of the east.

Anyway.

So dharma does not have a parallel in English.
But does religion have a parallel in samskrut ?
Yes. It is called पन्थः (panthah) or मतम् (matam).
One can see words like जैनमत (jain-mata), बौद्धमत (bauddha-mata), मतान्तरण (mataantarana = religious conversion) being commonly used in many Indian languages.
Unfortunately, in Marathi, it's almost always जैनधर्म, बौद्धधर्म, धर्मांतरण.

So religion is pantha or mata. Fine.

But what is dharma ?

The two definitions of dharma

1.
The first one says -

धारणात् धर्मः इत्याहुः (Krishna in Mahabharata - 12.110.11)
[ dhAraNAt dharmaH ityAhuH ]

dharma is that concept, by virtue of which all the elements are held together.

This is a very clear and simple definition indeed.
In fact, if we look at the etymology of the word dharma, it emerges from the samskrut root धृ (dhru) meaning 'to hold'.

For example, raaja-dharma. That is what is holding the raajaa and the prajaa.
The moment the king deviates from his raaja-dharma, he ceases to be a raajaa.
(In fact, the traditional pledge a king had to take at his coronation was "This bhoomi is my wife from now on, and the people living on it, my children. I shall take care of them as a father would of his children. And if I ever fail in doing so, my raaja-purohita shall punish me with his dharma-danda")

2.
The other definition is -
यतोऽभ्युदयनिःश्रेयससिद्धिः स धर्मः ।
[yatobhyudayanihshreyasasiddhih sa dharmah]

dharma is the one through which both अभ्युदय (abhyudaya) and निःश्रेयस (nihshreyasa) are achieved.

What is this abhyudaya and nihshreyasa ?
In the simplest terms, it means this-worldly and other-worldly goals, respectively.

Other(?) interpretations
One can also find explanations of the word dharma given as:
  • righteous duty : putra-dharma = a son's duty towards his parents
  • nature (स्वभाव) : अग्नि का धर्म है उष्णता ।
  • natural laws : even contemporary literature sometimes refers to 'nature-call' as निसर्गधर्म
  • etc.
Conclusion
This is all I know about dharma.
I am afraid I have added to Aditya's confusion, instead of reducing it.
The reason is I am myself a bit confused about the exact meaning of dharma.

That's why I put a question mark in the last subsection's title.
I am not sure if these are other interpretations or they simply follow from the two definitions we discussed.
If a son does not fulfill his righteous duty, he is no longer a son for his parents, and also, his other-worldly record is bound to go down.
Heat is the thing by virtue of which fire holds to be fire, and without it, it ceases to be fire.
And if one does not attend to nature calls, this-worldly goals are definitely not going to be achieved due to ill-health.

Sometimes I feel dharma is all of these things and also something more.

PS: We shall discuss karma very soon

Tuesday, December 9, 2008

Gita Jayanti

मार्गशीर्ष शुद्ध एकादशी (mArgaSIrSha Suddha ekAdaSI) was the day on which Lord Krishna told the bhagavad-gItA to Arjuna on the battlefields of Kurukshetra. The day is celebrated as गीता जयंती (gItA-jayantI) all over the world.
This year it falls on Dec-9.
I have been fortunate enough to have heard/read a little bit about gItA in last few years.
A good orator with some depth of understanding in gItA can possibly go on unfolding the beauty of this devine song for hours together, but some one of my stature should only quote some of the observations etc made by them.

1.
gItA holds the entire dharma (not to be confused with religion).
Its first sholka starts with ध dha:
धर्मक्षेत्रे कुरुक्षेत्रे समवेता युयुत्सवः । (1.1)

And the last one ends with म ma:
यत्र योगेश्वरः कृष्णो यत्र पर्थो धनुर्धरः ।
तत्र श्रीर्विजयो भूतिर्ध्रुवा नीतिर्मतिर्मम ॥ (18.78)

2.
It is a relatively very small text (only 700 shlokas-18 chapters), but has attracted many philosophers for many a thousand years, who keep on interpreting the text as it suits themselves - right from Adi Shankara to Mahatma Gandhi and beyond. Lokamanya Tilak interpreted it as the karmayoga, Gandhiji as the anAsakti-yoga. But the gItA herself is both and beyond the both.

3.
Today's engineers and enterprenuers are looking for the seeds of management in it.
While in Bengaluru, my friend's roommate was asking about it - she was told that gItA can teach her management. When I was asked, I said that I see the best way to manage your activities being told in a single shloka :
यत्करोषि यदश्नासि यज्जुहोसि ददासि यत् ।
यत्तपस्यसि कौन्तेय तत्कुरुष्व मदर्पणम् ॥ (9.27)
Meaning - Whatever you do, whatever you eat, whatever you offer, and whatever austerities you perform - do that, O Son of Kunti, as offerings to me !

What better motivation for doing each of your tasks in the best possible manner, than that of offering it to the Almighty ?

4.
Is gItA the best book on psychology/psychotherapy ?
Of course yes.
These two shlokas summarize the very chain of how one loses his/her own mental health:
ध्यायतो विषयान्पुंसः सङ्गस्तेषूपजायते ।
सन्ङ्गात्संजायते काम: कामात्क्रोधोऽभिजायते ॥
क्रोधाद्भवति संमोह: संमोहात्स्मृतिविभ्रम: ।
स्मृतिभ्रंशाद्बुद्धिनाशो बुद्धिनाशात्प्रणश्यति ॥ 2.62-63
Meaning - While concentrating on the objects of the senses, a person develops attachment for them, and from such attachment desire develops, and from that (due to non-fulfilment) anger arises. From anger arises complete delusion, and from that, bewilderement of memory. When memory is bewildered, intelligence is lost. And losing intelligence, one perishes.

5.
And psychotherapy?
Again, yes.
gItA starts with Arjuna in a state of a shock - limbs quivering and mouth drying up. (सीदन्ति मम गात्राणि मुखं च परिशुष्यति । - 1.28)
And ends with him stating that "I am now firm and free from doubt and am prepared to act according to Your instructions" (स्थितोऽस्मि गतसन्देह: करिष्ये वचनं तव ॥ - 18.73)

But this change is not easy to bring. At times Krishna shows him the carrot - you shall reach heaven if you die or else rule the earth if you win (हतो वा प्राप्स्यसि स्वर्गं जित्वा वा भोक्ष्यसे महीम् । - 2.37). And at other times the stick - by showing the Vishwaroopa, looking at which Arjuna says he is disturbed with fear (भयेन च प्रव्यथितं मनो मे । - 11.45)
At times Krishna discusses the eternity of the AtmA to dissuade Arjuna from the concept of killing and sin of killing (नैनं छिन्दन्ति शस्त्राणि नैनं दहति पावकः - 2.23).
At other times he simply tells him as a friend to 'be a man and fight' (क्लैब्यं मा स्म गमः - 2.3)

Most interesting is his reaction after Arjuna is convinced and is ready for the war.
After telling entire gItA, Krishna says - deliberate on this fully, and then do what you wish to do (विमृश्यैतदशेषेण यथेच्छसि तथा कुरु ॥ - 18.63)
Is this not the best way of motivating someone ?
Instead of simply ordering him to do what he should, Krishna increased Arjuna's level of understanding, removed any doubts he had, and then asked him to behave according to his conscience.

...
Thus, gItA is like the holy river of Ganga. How much of its water one carries back home depends on the capacity of the container s/he carries ...